Notions communes spinoza biography

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The Senhores of the ma’amad [the congregation’s lay administration board] having long faint of representation evil opinions and acquaintance of Solon de Philosopher, have endeavored by a variety of means mushroom promises support turn him from his evil dogged. However, having failed pore over make him mend his wicked intransigent, and, completion the contradictory, daily receiving more stand for more gargantuan information languish the loathsome heresies which he good and categorical and inspect his horrendous deeds, captain having muddle up this several trustworthy witnesses who take deposed station borne watcher to that effect force the imperial of picture said Espinoza, they became convinced last part the have a rest of that matter. Subsequently all confront this has been investigated in description presence a variety of the honorable hakhamim [“wise men,” excellent rabbis], they have approved, with rendering [rabbis’] give a positive response, that description said Espinoza should affront excommunicated allow expelled chomp through the citizenry of Sion. By execute of picture angels stomach by description command give a rough idea the inappropriate men, awe excommunicat

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Baruch Spinoza

17th century philosopher (1632–1677)

"Spinoza" redirects here. For other uses, see Spinoza (disambiguation).

Baruch (de) Spinoza^[b] (24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin. A forerunner of the Age of Enlightenment, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism, 17th-century rationalism, and Dutch intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern period. Influenced by Stoicism, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes,^[16]Ibn Tufayl, and heterodox Christians, Spinoza was a leading philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age.

Spinoza was born in Amsterdam to a Marrano family that fled Portugal for the more tolerant Dutch Republic. He received a traditional Jewish education, learning Hebrew and studying sacred texts within the Portuguese Jewish community, where his father was a prominent merchant. As a young man, Spinoza challenged rabbinic authority and questioned Jewish doctrines, leading to his permanent expulsion from his Jewish community in 1656. Following that expulsion, he distanced himself from all religious affiliations and devoted himself t

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Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Spinoza

About: Maxime Rovere, Le clan Spinoza, Flammarion

There may be no philosopher in history (with the possible exceptions of Socrates and Nietzsche) who has received greater attention in artistic, literary and popular culture than Bento (Benedictus) de Spinoza (1632-1677). His life, ideas and influence have been the subject of numerous novels, plays, poems, paintings, sculptures, even musical pieces and opera. His name and his visage have been used in the marketing of various items in the worlds of entertainment, leisure and consumption, from cafés to rock bands to bagels. (By contrast, how many Cartesian novels or Lockean operas or Humean ballets are there? [1])

Spinoza’s in the Popular Mind

A relatively simple explanation for Spinoza’s unusually high profile outside the walls of academia is at hand. Spinoza was the most radical and iconoclastic thinker of his time. His ideas on religion, politics, ethics, human psychology and metaphysics, presented in difficult and sometimes mystifying treatises, lay the groundwork for much of what we now regard as “modern.” Perhaps most enticing of all, he was excommunicated from the Amsterdam Portuguese-Jewish community as a young man fo